Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd)
Battery Chemistries · 9 specs
Direct Answer
Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) is a mature, exceptionally rugged alkaline secondary chemistry operating at 1.2V nominal. Renowned for sustaining massive pulse discharge currents, operating reliably in deep sub-zero temperatures (-40°C), and enduring harsh electrical abuse, NiCd remains in service for aircraft backup power, emergency lighting, and legacy industrial systems.
Source: IEC 61951-1 / FAA TSO-C179 · Last reviewed Aug 28, 2026
Specs
| Nominal Cell Voltage | 1.20 V |
| Gravimetric Energy Density | 45 – 65 Wh/kg |
| Volumetric Energy Density | 120 – 160 Wh/L |
| Cycle Life (to 80% Capacity) | 1,000 – 2,000 Cycles |
| Thermal Runaway Threshold | > 260 °C |
| Operating Temperature Range | -40 to +60 °C |
| Self-Discharge Rate | 15 – 20% / Month |
| Primary Anode Material | Metallic Cadmium (Cd) |
| Primary Cathode Material | Nickel Oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) |
Memory Effect & Environmental Phase-Out
NiCd cells suffer from voltage depression (commonly called the 'memory effect') if repeatedly recharged without full discharge cycles. Due to the severe heavy-metal toxicity of cadmium and strict RoHS regulations, consumer NiCd batteries have been largely superseded by NiMH and Li-ion, though sintered-plate NiCd batteries remain certified in aviation for cold-weather engine starting.