Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
Battery Chemistries · 9 specs
Direct Answer
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4 / LFP) is a cobalt-free, nickel-free lithium-ion chemistry operating at 3.2V nominal with an extraordinarily stable olivine crystal structure. LFP delivers industry-leading cycle life (3,000–6,000+ cycles) and unmatched thermal runaway tolerance (>270°C), making it the gold standard for grid energy storage (ESS), marine power, and standard-range electric vehicles.
Source: IEC 62619 / UN 38.3 · Last reviewed Aug 28, 2026
Specs
| Nominal Cell Voltage | 3.20 V |
| Gravimetric Energy Density | 140 – 180 Wh/kg |
| Volumetric Energy Density | 320 – 420 Wh/L |
| Cycle Life (to 80% Capacity) | 3,000 – 6,000+ Cycles |
| Thermal Runaway Threshold | > 270 °C |
| Operating Temperature Range | -20 to +65 °C |
| Self-Discharge Rate | < 1.5% / Month |
| Primary Anode Material | Graphite / Carbon |
| Primary Cathode Material | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) |
Flat Discharge Curve & Structural Robustness
LFP exhibits an exceptionally flat voltage discharge profile, holding between 3.25V and 3.15V for over 85% of its discharge cycle. The strong covalent bonding of the phosphorus-oxygen (P-O) polyanions in the olivine crystal prevents oxygen release even during mechanical puncture, severe overcharging, or high temperatures, virtually eliminating catastrophic fire risk.