Lead-Acid (AGM / Gel / Flooded) vs. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)
Comparing 2 standards across 9 specifications. 9 key differences identified.
Lead-Acid is the oldest rechargeable battery chemistry (invented 1859), delivering 2.0V per cell (12V nominal in standard 6-cell monoblocs). Despite low gravimetric energy density (30–50 Wh/kg), its unmatched surge current delivery (hundreds of cold cranking amps), low production cost, and 99% recycling rate make it the universal standard for automotive starting/ignition (SLI) and industrial UPS systems.
Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4 / LFP) is a cobalt-free, nickel-free lithium-ion chemistry operating at 3.2V nominal with an extraordinarily stable olivine crystal structure. LFP delivers industry-leading cycle life (3,000–6,000+ cycles) and unmatched thermal runaway tolerance (>270°C), making it the gold standard for grid energy storage (ESS), marine power, and standard-range electric vehicles.
Specification Comparison Table
9 Parameters| Parameter / Spec | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Nominal Cell Voltage
|
2.00 (12.00 V 6-Cell Pack) V | 3.20 V |
|
Gravimetric Energy Density
|
30 – 50 Wh/kg | 140 – 180 Wh/kg |
|
Volumetric Energy Density
|
60 – 100 Wh/L | 320 – 420 Wh/L |
|
Cycle Life (to 80% Capacity)
|
300 – 1,000 (Deep Cycle AGM) Cycles | 3,000 – 6,000+ Cycles |
|
Thermal Runaway Threshold
|
> 200 °C | > 270 °C |
|
Operating Temperature Range
|
-20 to +50 °C | -20 to +65 °C |
|
Self-Discharge Rate
|
3 – 5% / Month | < 1.5% / Month |
|
Primary Anode Material
|
Porous Sponge Lead (Pb) | Graphite / Carbon |
|
Primary Cathode Material
|
Lead Dioxide (PbO2) in Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte (H2SO4) | Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) |