Lead-Acid (AGM / Gel / Flooded) vs. Solid-State Lithium (SSB)
Comparing 2 standards across 9 specifications. 9 key differences identified.
Lead-Acid is the oldest rechargeable battery chemistry (invented 1859), delivering 2.0V per cell (12V nominal in standard 6-cell monoblocs). Despite low gravimetric energy density (30–50 Wh/kg), its unmatched surge current delivery (hundreds of cold cranking amps), low production cost, and 99% recycling rate make it the universal standard for automotive starting/ignition (SLI) and industrial UPS systems.
Solid-State Battery (SSB) chemistry replaces flammable liquid organic electrolytes with solid inorganic conductors (sulfide, oxide, or solid polymer). Paired with pure lithium metal anodes, solid-state cells achieve theoretical gravimetric energy densities of 400–500 Wh/kg, volumetric densities over 1,000 Wh/L, non-flammability, and ultra-fast charging capabilities.
Specification Comparison Table
9 Parameters| Parameter / Spec | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Nominal Cell Voltage
|
2.00 (12.00 V 6-Cell Pack) V | 3.80 – 4.20 V |
|
Gravimetric Energy Density
|
30 – 50 Wh/kg | 380 – 500 Wh/kg |
|
Volumetric Energy Density
|
60 – 100 Wh/L | 900 – 1,150 Wh/L |
|
Cycle Life (to 80% Capacity)
|
300 – 1,000 (Deep Cycle AGM) Cycles | 1,000 – 2,500 Cycles |
|
Thermal Runaway Threshold
|
> 200 °C | > 300 °C |
|
Operating Temperature Range
|
-20 to +50 °C | -30 to +80 °C |
|
Self-Discharge Rate
|
3 – 5% / Month | < 1% / Month |
|
Primary Anode Material
|
Porous Sponge Lead (Pb) | Metallic Lithium Foil / Anode-Free Copper |
|
Primary Cathode Material
|
Lead Dioxide (PbO2) in Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte (H2SO4) | High-Nickel NMC / Lithium-Rich Manganese |