# item.guide
Side-by-Side Comparison Food Additives & E-Numbers

E101: Riboflavin (Vitamin B2 Yellow Color) vs. E163: Anthocyanins (Grape Skin & Berry Red/Purple)

Comparing 2 standards across 10 specifications. 10 key differences identified.

Comparing:
E101: Riboflavin (Vitamin B2 Yellow Color)
E163: Anthocyanins (Grape Skin & Berry Red/Purple)
E101: Riboflavin (Vitamin B2 Yellow Color) →

E101 (Riboflavin / Vitamin B2) is an authorized yellow food colorant and essential micronutrient produced via microbial fermentation of Ashbya gossypii. INS 101(i), ADI is 0.5 mg/kg bw/day, commonly used to fortify cereals and color sauces.

View full E101: Riboflavin (Vitamin B2 Yellow Color) spec sheet →
E163: Anthocyanins (Grape Skin & Berry Red/Purple) →

E163 (Anthocyanins) are natural water-soluble flavonoid polyphenol pigments extracted from grape skins, elderberries, and black carrots. INS 163, ADI is 2.5 mg/kg bw/day (grape skin extract), exhibiting pH-dependent colors from red to blue.

View full E163: Anthocyanins (Grape Skin & Berry Red/Purple) spec sheet →

Specification Comparison Table

10 Parameters
Parameter / Spec
E101: Riboflavin (Vitamin B2 Yellow Color)
E163: Anthocyanins (Grape Skin & Berry Red/Purple)
E-Number Code
E101 E163
INS / Codex Number
INS 101(i) INS 163(i)–(v)
Functional Class
Food Color (Yellow-Orange), Nutrient Fortificant Food Color (Red, Purple, Blue)
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)
0.5 mg / kg body weight per day 2.5 mg / kg body weight per day (as anthocyanins)
Primary Mechanism
Yellow chromophore acting as precursor to flavin coenzymes (FAD/FMN) Flavylium cation red at pH 1–3, converting to blue quinoidal base at neutral/alkaline pH
Common Target Foods
Fortified breakfast cereals, baby foods, pasta, dairy desserts, energy drinks Red fruit beverages, sports drinks, jams, jellies, wine gums
Dietary Compliance
100% Vegan (Microbial fermentation), Halal, Kosher 100% Vegan (Fruit/Vegetable extraction), Halal, Kosher
Safety Approval
EFSA Authorized / FDA GRAS (21 CFR 73.450) EFSA Authorized / FDA 21 CFR 73.170
Chemical Formula
C17H20N4O6 —
Key Flavylium Cations
— Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Malvidin, Peonidin, Petunidin

Other Alternatives to Compare

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