E440: Pectin (Citrus & Apple Jam Gelling Fiber)

Direct Answer

E440 (Pectin) is a complex heteropolysaccharide rich in alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galacturonic acid extracted from citrus peels and apple pomace. INS 440, ADI is Not Limited (Quantum Satis), the global gold standard gelling agent for jams, jellies, and fruit spreads.

Source: EFSA ANS Panel (2017) / Codex · Last reviewed Aug 28, 2026

Specs

E-Number Code	E440
INS / Codex Number	INS 440(i) / 440(ii)
Functional Class	Gelling Agent, Thickener, Stabilizer, Soluble Fiber
Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)	Not Limited (Quantum Satis)
Primary Classes	High Methoxyl Pectin (HM, DE > 50%), Low Methoxyl Pectin (LM, DE < 50%)
Primary Mechanism	HM forms junction zones with sugar (Brix > 55%) + acid (pH < 3.5); LM gels with calcium ions (Ca2+)
Common Target Foods	Fruit jams, marmalades, gummy confectionery, fruit preparations for yogurt, glazes
Dietary Compliance	100% Vegan (Citrus peel/apple extraction), Halal, Kosher
Safety Approval	EFSA Authorized / FDA GRAS (21 CFR 184.1588)

HM Pectin vs Low-Sugar LM Calcium Gels

Traditional jams require High Methoxyl (HM) pectin with 60% sugar and acid to drive hydrophobic interactions. Modern diet/keto low-sugar jams use Low Methoxyl (LM) pectin, forming 'egg-box' junction zones cross-linked by divalent calcium ions regardless of sugar content.