Cameras & Optics

Standardized mathematical and optical metrics governing photographic exposure: geometric f-stop progression (√2 ratio), cinema photometric T-stops, ISO 12232 sensor sensitivity, Exposure Value (EV / ISO 2720), 180-degree cinema shutter angle, and Kelvin color temperature scales.

Cinema Shutter Angle & 180° Rule • Color Temperature & White Balance • Exposure Value (EV) • F-Stop Scale • ISO Speed Standards • T-Stop

Standardized analog photographic film types defined by ISO 1007 (135 35mm), ISO 732 (120/220 medium format roll film, 110 pocket cartridges), and ISO 1010 (4x5 and 8x10 large format sheet films), covering perforation pitches, spool geometries, and DX-coding standards.

110 Pocket Film Cartridge • 120 Roll Film (Medium Format / ISO 732) • 135 Film (35mm Still Film / ISO 1007) • 220 Roll Film (Double-Length Medium Format) • 4×5 Large Format Sheet Film • 8×10 Ultra-Large Format Sheet Film

Standardized front lens accessory screw thread diameters (ø) and metric thread pitches (M × 0.75 mm / M × 1.0 mm) for circular polarizing filters (CPL), neutral density (ND) filters, lens hoods, and step-up adaptation rings.

49 mm Lens Filter Thread (M49 × 0.75) • 52 mm Lens Filter Thread (M52 × 0.75) • 58 mm Lens Filter Thread (M58 × 0.75) • 67 mm Lens Filter Thread (M67 × 0.75) • 72 mm Lens Filter Thread (M72 × 0.75) • 77 mm Lens Filter Thread (M77 × 0.75) • 82 mm Lens Filter Thread (M82 × 0.75) • 95 mm Lens Filter Thread

Standardized camera lens bayonet and screw mounts, flange focal distances (FFD), throat/inner bayonet diameters, electronic communication protocols, and vintage lens adaptability across modern mirrorless and classical SLR systems.

Canon EF • Canon RF • Fujifilm X-Mount • Leica L-Mount • M42 Screw Mount • Micro Four Thirds Mount • Nikon F • Nikon Z • Sony E-Mount

Standardized digital camera image sensor dimensions, active surface areas, diagonal field-of-view crop factors relative to 35mm full frame, and aspect ratios across medium format, APS-C, Micro Four Thirds, 1-inch, and smartphone sensors.

1.0-Type / 1-Inch Sensor (13.2×8.8 mm) • 1/1.3-Inch Mobile Sensor (9.6×7.2 mm) • 1/2.3-Inch Sensor (6.17×4.55 mm) • APS-C Sensor (1.5×) • Canon APS-C Sensor (1.6×) • Full-Frame 35mm Sensor • Medium Format 44×33 mm Sensor • Micro Four Thirds Sensor

Standardized physical camera mounting interfaces, quick-release dovetail profiles (Arca-Swiss 38mm, Manfrotto RC2 / 501PL), ISO 1222 imperial mounting threads (1/4"-20 & 3/8"-16), NATO accessory rails, and ARRI anti-twist locating pin standards.

Arca-Swiss Dovetail • ARRI Rosettes & Pins • Manfrotto 501PL • Manfrotto RC2 • NATO Rail • Tripod Threads